I realised that Sudoku puzzles are closed systems and therefore every thing is closely connected to everything else
So if you are having a problem with for example the number 3 don’t look directly for the answer because if you start looking at a different number like nine or seven if you can find some movement there or even the solution automatically this will simplify the problem you’re having with number 3.
Now a human life is not a completely closed system on the whole. But even so if you are having a problem with one part of your life and you can’t get any movement there look at something completely different and see if you can do anything about that. If you can it will very likely help you with the original problem or at least it will help you to pass the time.
Sometimes if you are feeling depressed and you can’t do much about it it helps to do the washing up or change the bed sheets or pay a bill anything that needs doing
Something physical is often a good idea.
Movement itself can help. physical movement or doing things like puzzles makes your mind move about a bit
After doing some of these manual tasks often people feel better because at least they have done washing or the washing up or paid their bills
But if it doesn’t help just hang on because life itself is movement and things will change.
In the meantime I’m giving some money to the Red cross because there are problems that other people are having in the complicated world of wars and suffering and even if you’re feeling depressed or anxious you can still give a little help to someone else.
I don’t expect people to be grateful for what they have because when you’re depressed lonely anxious you don’t want people telling you to look on the bright side . Later you can be grateful for what you have and the people around you.
Puzzles can be intriguing or annoying or boring but they don’t usually cause worry
People’s faces can be intriguing as well but they are can also cause us a wide variety of emotions including anxiety fear and worry but also happiness and joy
Solving a hard number puzzle is a lot easier than living life as a human interpret ing other people’s feelings and faces on behaviour
If you were no good at maths don’t worry because you probably good at lots of other things like communication with your beloved people and the families
As long as you can deal with money in your budget then you don’t really need to worry about maths. If you are a carpenter or a cook you will have learned a lot of mathematics without knowing it
One afternoon Mary decided to visit Jean in the nursing home. Jean could not walk and😔 she had severe dementia and was an angry woman but nevertheless there was something about her that Mary liked enough
Can I come along as well cried her cat Emile peevishly,,,?
No Jean doesn’t like cats and she’s a very determined woman so I’m not going to set her off by taking you in there and don’t say you can stay my handbag because it’s hot were and I don’t want you to suffocate silently.
Would it be alright if I suffocated while mewing?
?
Emile I cannot risk you suffocating because I love you that’s why I’m leaving you at home by yourself. You can always go in the garden and meet some other cats
Emile stalked away like a woman with injured pride
When Mary got there, Jean was having a bad day
I want to die she screamed. Will you kill me? Please do please do,,,
It’s illegal for me to kill you Mary told her rudely
Oh you’re such a coward Mary: be brave and kill me. I’d be really grateful
Well it’s very difficult to kill someone like you because you are naturally strong and strangling you would be extremely tough probably impossible and how could you be grateful to me when you were dead?
If you believe there’s an afterlife then you cannot kill yourself or be killed by me it’s murder in either case.
You’re a chuckling print, Jean shouted.
I understand what you mean but I think you’ve got the wrong word! I have seen this written down but I’ve never heard anyone so it out loud that is, c*nt.
Why what’s wrong with it?
Nothing in itself but when it’s combined with another word like f*cking it becomes unspeakably unpleasant and anyway you should not use that name as a curse word. It’s where new life is born. It’s like a flower like a rose or a carnation
Mary thought to herself I think I’m going to write a poem!
I never said it answered Jean but there’s got to be some way of expressing my frustration
Talking about the afterlife Mary said politely you jave been married twice. When you go to heaven which of your husbands do you want to be with you for all eternity?
Thinking about it very carefully Jean sat silent for quite some time. Then she gave a most intelligent response.
I loved them both the same
In that case you are a very fortunate woman although I know it’s very hard for you now. Would you like me to bring my cat next time I come? He is called Emile and he is very very interesting and can speak good English. Or I have a friend who’s a paramedic called Dave and he makes very good cakes and biscuits and likes to wear dresses in the summer
Triumphantly Jean announced that she would like to see both the cat and the paramedic as she was very bored in the nursing home and she loved to talk to people or even to animals
I said I’m writing my blog not I think that you’re God
I said what is for dinner, not I think you’re a sinner.
I said do you know any new words, not I think love’s absurd.
I said try my new bakes, not dive into the lake
I said Donald is mad, not I are you my dad?
I said my heart is so strong, not the charts are all wrong.
I said do you like my new briefs, not you are the chief.
I said is God the answer, not you are a good dancer
I said I’m tired of these puzzles not keep your dog muzzled
It’s hard to communicate apparently most of us live lives of complete fiction or almost complete fiction in other words we invent the people we love and then we get a terrible shock when they don’t behave according to our frictional point of view
I stare at your face as if you are today’s puzzle of numbers.
I can’t read the signs so easily
I know the answers are all there but how to perceive them?
And what if my gaze becomes a glare and I hurt you?
Surely that intense stare is not the way to learn the face of the beloved
How to soften the eyes so they caress rather than sting?
On the train everyone is bowed over their newspaper or on their screen
They’re all trying to solve puzzles but who can solve the puzzle of human existence?
Who can give us a meaning for our lives?
Sometimes the gazelof another can be enlightening.
But we can’t stare into the faces on the other commuters so we stare at our puzzles instead hoping to learn something useful more than just to find out which numbers are missing.
Children do stare, when do they stop doing that?
Like when I walked into the living room with the Guardian and said to my mother in front of the visitors
What’s rape?
She never did tell me but after that we got the Times instead which seemed rather peculiar in our working class Street but who knows what the motives were?
As anyone with a sibling or more than one child knows, people will respond differently to the same situation. How much do individual traits change or mitigate the effect of ACEs?
A. If you take a population of 1,000 people or 10,000 people or 100,000 people and they all have one ACE versus two ACEs versus seven ACEs — what you’re going to see is this substantially increased risk of health problems. Are there still going to be folks who by virtue of their biology or circumstance or environment are able to be resilient in the face of adversity? There are. Just like there’s the guy who smoked two packs a day and drank whiskey every day and lived to be 100. The takeaway for me is how we’re trying to reduce the exposure on a population level.
Q. You’ve said that your work on ACEs led you to your husband. What do you mean by that?
A. I won’t comment on any of my ex-boyfriends, but I was like — whoa — the type of relationship that I have has a profound impact on my life span and my health. Not just how I feel, but this could seriously shorten my life expectancy.
My husband is a person who I feel heals me from the inside out. He’s been really instrumental in what I’ve been able to accomplish in terms of starting my organization
So what is helpful? What’s the cure for political depression? For one thing, liberal conservatives are going to have to borrow from some of the left’s irrepressible optimism. But if my last few months of lethargy and dark doctors’ waiting rooms have taught me anything, it’s that all those in search of a cure for our current political malaise could do well to look at recent advances in the mental health ward. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, or CBT, is today’s wonder cure – but what does it actually entail, and can it save a country as well as it can a person?
CBT is all about breaking unhelpful mental patterns. It’s also about the art of the possible. Under pressure at work? Find one request you can reasonably make of your boss. Determined to run a marathon to feel better about being obese? Start by using the stairs instead of a lift.
In politics, focusing on the big picture can often seem overwhelming. The future is bleak; there are a lot of battles that the forces of liberalism seem unlikely to win. When I think of Trump in the White House, Erdogan imprisoning critics in Turkey, martial law in the Philippines – I could continue – I curl up and go back to bed. When I think about the two refugee friends who I’ve got coming to stay next week, I scurry up and start readying
I wrote this as a protest against the fashion in medical circles of making everything either a disease or the precurser to a disease.I have not included mental health here but I think it’s used there as well.If you are happy you are pre-mad or pre-neurotic.If calm you are pre-panicking or pre-stressed.
If beautiful you are pre-aged
I went to the doctor.He said I’d pre-flu..
I said “My dear doctor what shall I do?”
Next time I went, he said “It’s pre- shock.”
And then I had pre measles,pre mumps and pre-pox
I ran to the doctor,he said ” You’re pre-well”
I said “Are you sure it’s not just a pre-quel?”
Next time I turned up,he’d gone out for a walk
It’s hard for a doctor who wants to pre-talk.
I went to the optician, who said I’m pre-blind
I thanked him for being so intensely unkind.
I went back to the doctor,and these words I said
“I’m pre -blind, pre-deaf,pre-ill and pre-dead!
Five Reasons Why There’s No Such Thing As ‘Mental Health’
15th May 2019
Benjamin Fry
We are in the midst of Mental Health Awareness Week. But for Benjamin Fry, the term is highly misleading. The founder of residential trauma treatment centre Khiron House, Fry believes we can only understand ‘mental health’ by going back to the body, getting curious about the nervous system, and helping our clients to see their ‘invisible lions’.
Your body is a chain of dominos, responding to events and experiences. We often call the final few dominos ‘mental health’, but what does that mean?
We are usually referring to an experience that shows up in something we call our mind, but even that can get confused; for example, is feeling anxious the same as being worried? Does an alarming thought, or a miserable one, constitute anxiety or depression? And if I yell at my wife do I have a mental health problem, a personality disorder? Or am I just an ass?
To sort this out, you have to go a few steps back along the chain of dominos. There, you will find that there really isn’t any such thing as mental health. Instead, there are a series of consequences to the way that our complex human organisms respond to threat; and particularly how we have adapted to respond to threat badly.
One: We usually end up dysregulated by the time our childhood is over, if not well before
When a gazelle is chased by a lion, it tends to match its response very nicely to the actual threat from the lion in the here and now. So, if the lion pops up on the horizon, then it will start to get a bit vigilant. If the lion gets too close, it will run. If the lion is right behind it, then it will kick. And if it gets caught it will freeze, almost as if it is feigning death. This all tends to work out as well as possible for the gazelle. Its body is working just right.
We, on the other hand, through a misstep in evolution, appear to be dysregulated in response to threat. This means that we can start running wildly when the lion is still miles away, or collapse in submission when we still have time to get away. We overreact and under-react. We rarely ‘Goldilocks’ react and get it just right.
Peter Fried,the psychoanalyst newly arrived in Knittingham, had noticed that whilst he was practising “free floating attention”
with his patients an image of a cat peering in the window behind the couch was troubling him.He hoped it was not some hallucination transferred from the Unconscious of one of his patients into his consciousness.
Still,having a black cat looking in the window was by no means the most unpleasant optical illusion he had ever suffered.In a way,it was quite sweet.
He was back in his “home” flat boiling some eggs for his supper when the doorbell rang.He opened it cautiously with a sort of furtive excitement.There stood a strikingly attractive woman wearing a purple coat and a red hat with matching red ballet flats and a bright green designer handbag from TKMaxx.[£29.99 and well worth it]
Hello,I thought I’d introduce myself,I live across the street next door to Stan and Mary..my name is Anne..How are you settling in?
She walked confidently through his flat and into the new teak kitchen with its gleaming work surfaces and marble pastry rolling strip…. though Peter never made pastry himself.
Eggs!Are you a curry lover?By pure chance and serendipity I have a tin of vindaloo sauce here.I could pour it over these eggs.
Should we not remove the shells first?Peter asked with a just hint of humour.
Definitely,leave it to me.I’ve brought some naan bread and some brown rice too
How did you know I was boiling six eggs?
Why Emile told me,of course!
Emile….is he black?
Some people call him black,others say he’s mixed race.
Let’s not argue about semantics,he replied discourteously.
I don’t even know what semantics, are she screeched into his left ear.
Well,that is no barrier to arguing about them,he replied diplomatically.
Well,it’s senseless, she answered kindly.”I am not a person who enjoys an argument.Go and sit down,read the paper and I’ll finish preparing the curry dinner.
Is it common around here to have an unknown woman come in to cook your dinner?Peter asked Anne.
No,it’s the height of sophistication,she said judiciously.
It’s just with you being new I wanted to meet you to see if you need any assistance in your work.I don’t need money,I like to serve the community in some way.Of course I am Stan’s mistress but as he’s in a bad temper today I’ve not seen him.I suspect he is growing tired of me.
Are you married,Peter asked her.
No,but I was once.My husband ran off with his brother’s wife,so we decided to pretend they were both dead.
That’s intriguing,said Peter,I am married but my wife developed an allergy to my skin.She could not bear to touch it so it became awkward… very awkward.
Fancy, and you a therapist too,she murmured softly,So where is she now?
Oh, she lives on the Isle of Man,near Peel.I do go to see her now and then… and there are lovely sunsets over there… you can see the Mountains of Mourne.
Are you lonely, she asked him very emotionally.
No,I see seven patients a day..
But that’s not the same as having a wife or a friend.
Since my wife’s allergy,I am afraid to touch another woman.
How sad,cried Anne…I have very thick skin.Would you like to touch me? she said seductively
Perhaps another time,Peter said in a kindly way,But thanks for being so generous.I am touched by your amiability and femininity and your
kindness in introducing yourself.
.
Let’s eat the curry before we die of hunger.
They sat down at the kitchen table to eat the egg curry when they saw some amber eyes gleaming at the window.
Oh, dear,There’s Emile again.
Will he tell Stan?
Probably,but actually Stan no longer wants me.Yet Emile adores me.He will be jealous… he’s a cat,but he has the feeling of a man.
And indeed Emile’s eyes were gleaming like those of a tiger… he began to speak through the window glass.
Would you mind if I had some curry?Stan never makes it… I love spices
Why not? said Peter.
Emil’s plan was to get near Anne but first he had to eat the vindaloo egg curry.He took a mouthful..my,it was hot.His eyes began to water and his nose ran…. all round the room.He mioawed piteously
I need a hanky.
We shall have to ring 999,muttered Anne.
What! Do they tend to cats?
They usually have some hankies for cats….
So without any further ado,she took out her Samsung mobile phone and rang.
I don’t know how I shall get on living here,thought Peter.
He ran across the room and jumped into the washing machine with the tea towels and kitchen cloths.
Will he escape?
Buy the next chapter…only three shilling and sixpence or free with the Daily Wail tomorrow…order now for next life delivery!
I edited my sonnet sixty times It didn’t seem so many to my mind Although my ears were ringing with its rhymes To criticise myself seems quite unkind
What seemed to be a meter was none such I could not sing it like Gray’s Elegy My language late at night seems Double Dutch But writing will, like loving, pleasure me.
If only we could edit when we speak Instead of blurting out “the honest truth” To stop our malice making others bleak Or injuring their hearts with words uncouth.
When we reflect, we learn to see our speech As something not entirely out of reach.
One day Mary decided to take an IQ test. To be completely honest ,it was her best friend Annie who wanted her to take the test because she believed that Mary was the most intelligent person in Knittingham
Mary foundthe test rather boring but she completed it in four hours approximately.
Then Annie marked it for her using a booklet supplied with the test
You have got a score of 65 she said souvnding annoyed
The average score is 98, 65 makes you an imbecile.
How on earth did you learn to read and write when you are an imbecile?
Well Mary told her in a kind voice
The main point is I did not know that I was an imbecile and so I just learned to read the way all the other children did and since my father did ornamental gold lettering in churches, I must have inherited is talent for beautiful handwriting.
Why don’t we have a nice hot cup of tea said Annie thoughtfully.
She had always believed that Mary was more intelligent than she was but now it seems that Mary was just more hard-working and had a stronger desire to learn
I think because Mary wore glasses she thought to herself she must have lhought she had to be an intellectual. After all people never read books rarely wear spectacles although that may change now with the advent of modern technology.
Emile was very puzzled because neither of the women had dialled 999 for an ambulance today and he was very keen to see Dave the paramedic and to find out how he was coping with the hot weather.
So he bit Mary on the leg
You imbecile, she shouted.
Well that’s a compliment said the cat because you are an imbecile and yet you have been to university and got two degrees.
Twi degrees of what he thought to himself but as he was a cat he was used to keeping secrets and so he did not say anything
In fact he was relieved because he thought that as Mary had two degrees her temperature must be low and therefore she was not getting sepsis.
Because when you get sepsis your temperature usually rises rapidly and dangerously although occasionally it can fall very low and at the same time as that the blood pressure drops.
The organs begin to struggle and indeed wherln Mary had sepsis she did not pass any urine for 36 hours which was very fortunate because she was on a trolley in the corridor all that time.
Similarly she is delighted when she friend have blood pressure was low not realizing it was a sign of danger
After all many older people feel their doctor would only be happy if their blood pressure was zero. And if they were dead well does it really matter? After all like Mary maybe I’m an imbecile too.
So don’t worry about your intelligence level because
imbeciles r us
It’s interest, enthusiasm, desire and work that get you to somewhere worth going to.
As long as you can read and write the world is your oyster or you don’t like horses replace it with your own favorite food although it doesn’t sound very wise to say the world is your Weetabix all the world is your meringue so please let me know what you would like me to put instead of oyster
We think we are unique, special and deserving of happiness, but we are terrified of being alone. We declare that personal freedom and autonomy is both a right and good, but we think anyone who exercises that freedom autonomously is ‘sad, mad or bad’. Or all three at once.
https://www.goodreads.com
Sara Maitland Quotes – Goodreads
During the last 3 weeks I have spent 18 days in bed with an infection and in my own opinion also a virus something like covid which made me absolutely exhausted and flattened
It was difficult when I had to keep getting out of bed to go to the bathroom.
So I have discovered something interesting that you can buy eBooks on Google play and some of them are ones which I wanted but they’re not available on Amazon in Kindle books and I want to mention one here.
It’s by Sarah Maitland and it is called the Writers Way
The e-book is
£2.99.
My vision is now such that I can not read ordinary books on paper except very slowly with a very strong lamp so I am very pleased to get this book as an eBook which I can read on my phone.
I love Sarah Maitland’s novels
She has also written about living alone and about silence which is very important to her although she was once married and had two children.
Being alone can be very difficult especially when we are ill but sometimes you can feel alone even when you are with someone.
That is the worst kind of loneliness. Some people have said they feel as if they are behind glass
When you are like that it’s hard to know what to say but it’s better to be with people some of the time if you can even if you don’t really feel like it but if it’s caused by illness then you don’t have much choice. You rarely get a visit from a GP now even when you are very ill
Apart from diagnosis it can give your spirits a lift if you are visited by your doctor.They can I get more information if rhey see you.
So books can be a lifeline and you can get them on audible if you prefer. I’m not sure about this one
If you’ve never read her novels then I strongly recommend you to try them.
Respect but do not fear your own fear.Do not let it come between you and something that might be deeply enjoyable.Remember it is quite normal to be a bit frightened of being alone.
After Mary went off to the Oxfam shop on her bikes with a bag of surplus shoes Stan decided to clean his laptop computer.He was trying to open the plastic box of Screen Cleaning Tissues and wondering if he could have used a damp microfibre cloth instead.He was feeling excited because he was going to take Mary away for the weekend to a Pie Museum on the Lincolnshire coast.
There was a knock on the back door.He saw Lisa and Tom,two students from Knittingham University.Tom’s grandmother was a friend of Stan’s.
“Hello,”said Tom,”this is Lisa Stoat my girlfriend.”
“Hello,Lisa.How are you?And where do you come from?”
“Hello,I’m fine, thanks.I believe my mum found me under a gooseberry bush near the A19 to Teesside.She’d been out rambling with the gypsies.Anyway she met my dad when I was 2.He’s doctor in Middlesborough,he adopted me and several other children my mother found from time to time out in the country.There are six of us now.There are lots of gooseberry bushes on Teesside.”
“Thank you for that,Lisa.”Stan said
“Please don’t mention it; you are more than welcome!” the lovely girl told him gently.
“Would you like some gooseberry pie.”Stan asked her modestly
“Yes,I’m ravenous.” the girl replied shyly,her cheeks turning bright red
“Well,you know you are a growing girl.” Stan chuntered .”I’m afraid I can’t find the cake forks”
“That’s a pity,” replied Tom.”I’ve never seen a cake fork in my entire life.”
“Oh,goodness,”Stan called.”What did you do?”
“Well,we used an axe to cut the pies up and then lay on the floor and grabbed bits with our teeth.!”
“Where you raised by cats?” Stan cried querulously.
“To a certain extent,”the boy honestly admitted.”But I can use a knife and fork now for meat and veg and also I can now use a lavatory rather than digging a hole in the soil or using a plant pot.”
“Have you thought of writing your autobiography?”Stan demanded curiously
“I feel I’m a bit young for that and the cats, Lucy and Mario, might be offended.”
“Can they read?”Stan muttered loudly.
“Not yet but I’m doing phonics with them. the government recommends that according to the News of the Failed.”
“But not for cats,surely?” Stan replied jovially.
“Well,you win some you lose some!” Tom answered with the unique and original turn of phrase typical of one raised by cats
Lisa got over. excited.”You could call it “A tale of two Kitties”” she cried hysterically.
“Oh,my God.Is she bipolar?” Stan thought nervously
“But what would Professor Fittsgenstein think?”
“I rarely think,” said a man who had crept into the kitchen through the cat flap.”And I have to confess that I too was partially raised by cats.”
“Welcome.Professor”, they all shouted
“What a coincidence!”
“Well,”said Annie, who had been listening through the keyhole,”It’s very common in Knittinghamshire you know.The mortgages are so big,both parents have to work so they have no alternative but to leave the children at home with the cats.They all learn to mioaw which can be useful.” She then gave a loud”mioaw” and disappeared.”I’d better ring 999 ” Stan whispered.”I think she is going crazy.
“Oh,no” Tom stated knowingly,”If you could enter into the narrative of her life and reach the place where she is you would see it all makes perfect sense.”
“What even the thick layers of makeup and the T K Maxx perfume.”Stan enquired philosophically”Yes,indeed.” the lad told him ardently
“Didn’t Schopenhauer advise against about pretending to be someone other than your true self?” Stan said thoughtlessly
“I’m sorry but we have only reached pi and the Ancient Greeks.Is Philosophy actually meant to help you with real life problems?”
“What sort of pie did they eat?”Stan wondered anxiously.
“I guess maybe apricot or peach,”said Lisa womanly
“Well,I have the Fanni Far Mer cookery book here.I’ll look it up.”
“But she’s American? poor Lisa said peevishly
“I thought she was a Turk!” Stan informed her humorously
“What about Gud How Ski Ping?” She debated
“Yes,I do like Chinese. food” he informed her.”It is very popular all over the world.
I’d better brew the tea,Stan decided…the kettle was now boiling noisily on the hot red coal fire… frightening Emile who was sleeping on the rag rug in front of it…
So it’s goodbye from Knittingham and Nottingham too
A day with my own self, such peaceful hours The inner seas make music as they roll And in the ground the worms air roots of flowers
The rain comes down in cold but gentle showers Desiring to give moisture to all souls A symbol of the value of quiet hours
In Northern hills we looked for Durham owls They hunt by day to keep their bodies whole While in the ground the worms air roots of flowers
My loved one was a native of those towers Highcliff Nab and Hasty Bank called home My days with him a-wandering there for hours
As he died , deep in my heart I howled I held his hands, remembered , paid the toll While in the ground the worms digest the sour
Lying in the heather we had roamed May God have mercy on his homing soul Now I enjoy in reverie our hours Deep in the ground the worms drowse mixed with flowers
Now the bank and anyone interested no exactly I spent my money for the last 40 years
The royal lifeboat institution
Medecine sans frontier
Freedom from torture
Marks & Spencers
The national rheumatoid arthritis society
Diabetes UK
But who knows me in truth?
Who is familiar with the warmth of my body and the regularity of my breathing?
Who has shared my laughter?
Who has loved me?
And who has held me while I grieve?
Who knows what the psychiatrist would say about me?
And what a different one would say?
Who has really seen me seen me fully?
Who has injured me and looked at my face and enjoyed my suffering?
Who knows what I think about Israel and Gaza?
Who knows what any of us feel about the world at this moment?
Who has seen my face when I read the news on my phone?
Who has truly known me?
How many have really cared to know me?
Who has seen me sleeping?
Who has wakened me?
Who has been irritated by me?
And who has enjoyed listening to my lectures?
How many of us really care to know another person,not their vital statistics or bank balance but to know them by being near them and feeling with them?
Levinas’s philosophy is clearly governed by a deep-seated pacifism. In fact, it is one of Levinas’s central contentions that Western philosophy is wedded to a counter-ethical process of conflict. It is this radical idea that underpins Levinas’s first magnum opus, Totality and Infinity (1961). This treatise opens with a discussion of war – an all-encompassing, as well as literal term for conflict. Levinas states that it is the Western preoccupation with the truth that generates this conflict. In short, if one is able to apprehend the truth, one is essentially self-sufficient or “total”. For Levinas, this reassuring sense of totality is disastrous for it harbours an underlying antagonism towards others who are liable to challenge one’s authority.
Levinas traces this conception of totality back to the teachings of Socrates and Plato. According to classical authority, the self is literally self-contained – it is able to contain the truth. For Levinas, this spirit of autonomy was perpetuated in the work of philosophers as diverse as Plotinus, Bishop Berkeley and Hegel. In addition, Levinas also detected a return to this spirit of self-sufficiency in the phenomenological work of his former tutors, Husserl and Heidegger.
In an attempt to evade this tide of thought, Levinas turned his attention to the constitution of subjectivity. For Levinas, far from being self-sufficient or total, the self can only exist through reference to the non-self. In short, self-knowledge presupposes the existence of a power infinitely greater than oneself. Echoing the famous Cartesian cosmological argument, Levinas thus suggests that the subject is indebted to the idea of infinity. In direct opposition to contemporary continental thought, Levinas thus reinstates the subject – a subject that encounters itself through the mediation of an-Other. According to Levinas’s intricate argument, such an encounter precedes the disastrous desire for truth.
Crucially, Levinas argues that the encounter between the self and the Other is always passive. In slightly different terms, one welcomes the Other as the measure of one’s own being. It would seem to follow that one’s subjectivity depends upon a non-aggressive or non-violent interface. Given its passive nature, Levinas concludes that this interface is a proto-ethical moment that precedes all other ethical discourse. In this way Levinas undercuts traditional ethical debate.
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Today, Levinas’s ethical thought is frequently discussed in relation to diverse academic fields beyond the traditional boundaries of philosophy. Disparate fields such as sociology, literary theory, historiography and anthropology have all benefited from the priority Levinas accorded to “the Other”. This ubiquity stands as testimony to both Levinas’s profundity and growing contemporary relevance.
At the time of writing, Lawrence R Harvey was teaching and completing his doctoral thesis on Levinas and the ethics of representation.